CUSTODY AND WALLET INFRASTRUCTURE

Multi-Signature (Multi-Sig)

A security configuration requiring multiple private keys to authorize a blockchain transaction, typically structured as m-of-n (e.g., 3-of-5) where m approvals from n total key holders are needed to execute a transfer.

EXAMPLE

The OCC requires banks holding customer crypto assets to implement multi-signature controls with keys distributed across different personnel, preventing unauthorized single-party transfers.

Relevant Roles and Functions

On-chain Role
Head of Digital Asset Custody
Function
Institutional Custody Solutions
Key Management
On-chain Analytics
Sanctions Compliance
Transaction Monitoring
Wallet Infrastructure
Wallet Risk Scoring

Related Terms

Private Key

A secret cryptographic string that authorizes the signing of blockchain transactions and proves ownership of digital assets. Loss or theft of a private key results in permanent, irrecoverable loss of the associated assets.

Example

Institutional custody solutions abstract private key exposure through hardware security modules and multi-party computation, so no single operator can sign unilaterally.

Digital Asset Custody

The safekeeping and administration of digital assets—including private key management, transaction signing, and regulatory reporting—on behalf of institutional clients. It is widely regarded as the foundational control point for institutional participation in on-chain markets.

Example

Northern Trust's digital asset custody service for tokenized fund shares handles key management, NAV reporting, and regulatory compliance in a single integrated platform.

Wallet

Software or hardware that stores private keys and enables users to send, receive, and manage blockchain-based assets. Institutional wallets include multi-signature authorization, policy controls, and integration with compliance systems.

Example

Fireblocks provides institutional-grade wallet infrastructure that integrates with banks' existing transaction monitoring and sanctions screening systems before signing on-chain transfers.

Cold Storage

The practice of storing private keys on devices not connected to the internet, minimizing exposure to hacking or unauthorized access. Institutional cold storage solutions include hardware security modules and air-gapped vault systems.

Example

Coinbase Custody holds 95% of client assets in cold storage distributed across multiple geographic locations with multi-signature requirements to prevent single points of failure.